This is in part due to the fact that the most researched sources of nanocarrier EVs are immortalized cell lines, a limiting source with significant concerns in terms of human safety and resource availability. Among these safety, scalability and identification of biocompatible physicochemical features stand out as drawbacks. Although these vesicles display advantageous and compelling features as nanocarriers including low antigenicity, ability to trespass biological barriers, stable circulatory capacity, and organ tropism, the applicability of EVs as optimal nanocarriers still faces substantial challenges. Similarly, these vesicles have been identified as an optimal headstream of organic biocompatible nanocarriers with a growing interest, for their potential applications, within several areas of the bioeconomy and biomedical fields (i.e., food and supplement industries, biotech industries, pharmacy, etc.). Given these idiosyncratic properties, EVs have been proposed to perform essential functional role(s) in health and disease conditions, some of which have already been uncovered. Additionally, these vesicles are shed and taken up by almost every cell type in the diverse kingdoms of life.

EVs, thus, constitute a highly complex intercellular communication mechanism based on extremely resilient and efficient lipid membranes, the inclusion of specific molecular cargoes, and the presence of preset membrane-embedded signaling molecules. These exocytic structures, currently known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), became once neglected as “cellular dust” or “cell debris.” Further multidisciplinary research, however, disclosed the weightiness of these particles at the time to protect specific cellular cargoes from extracellular hazards providing them with the most appropriate signaling molecules.

It is thus no wonder that bilayered lipid membranes remained largely and almost exclusively appreciated for these basic features, whereas their capacity to generate minute exocytic structures of cellular origin with outstanding properties was ignored. Spontaneous assembling of lipid hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails takes place in aqueous conditions by allowing the defiant acts of definition and differentiation, basis of any organismic existence.

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